Critical Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Basic Literature Review - Essay Example In this way, they ought to be shielded and ensured under all conditions. Also, the most ideal approach to ensure them is to get them far from the public activity, bolted inside the dividers of the house for the remainder of her lifetime (Brã ¼ckner, pp. 44-46, 2004). There are such huge numbers of models everywhere throughout the world and since the commencement that show the sexual orientation dissimilarity, sex disparity, sexism, or separation of sexes. Regardless of the way that over the previous decades, the circumstance has improved a piece yet there is far to travel. It is extremely hard to discuss a reality where there would be equivalent open doors comparable to sexual orientation (Pasero, pp. 219-228, 2003). Truth be told, this is for all intents and purposes difficult to actualize all around the world. There are a few explanations behind this solid yet harsh supposition. We face a daily reality such that, deliberately or unknowingly, we have made some solid and permanent social discernment and viewpoint of sex. Truth be told, sex isn't only an image of any one’s conceptive job yet it has become an image and determinant of one’s conduct, mentalities, and job desires (Tomm, Hamilton, Mackie and Calgary Institute for the Humanities, pp. 159-167, 1998). For instance, a female teacher, if reports that she would be late for a class or would not have the option to show up the following day; this announcement from her would not get such a large amount of consideration if a similar articulation is advanced by a male educator. As a matter of fact, in the wake of hearing the equivalent from the dad we would begin contemplating various things and would make different suspicions in out brains. That he would be a single parent, or might be he is excessively pleasant or might be his significant other is excessively occupied with other stuff. This happ ens in light of the fact that as people experience childhood in human social orders they rapidly find out about their jobs and anticipated practices (Chaneles, pp. 85-92, 1984). For instance, the two men

Economics Essays Financial System Banking

Financial matters Essays Financial System Banking Capital Adequacy Directive Theoretical In the ongoing years, it appears that the administrators have expanded the consideration on the capital sufficiency of banking instincts so as to upgrade and keep up the solidness of budgetary framework. The motivation behind the current paper is to explore into the benefits just as weaknesses of the Capital Adequacy Directive usage in the Switzerland economy for the practices of Swiss banks and shed some light on whether and how Swiss bank respond to requirements set by the controller on their capital. The examination and confirmations given will explain the finding is that while the Swiss banks appreciate the run of the mill justifies that have been brought by this advancement, a few downsides they may suffer couldn't be dismissed, which infers the requirement for good strategy rules of Government and Central Bank. Part 1 Introduction We improve minutes to present considerable increments in capital necessities. Nout Wellink (April, 2008), leader of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision During the most recent 30 years, a wide scope of nations have presented the formalized capital prerequisite. This advancement appeared to be led by the appropriation of least capital prerequisite in some specific states (for example, the US and the UK in 1981). In any case, with the principal presentation of Basel Accord in 1998, the regular least capital necessities were really embraced by G-10. Until now, the Accord has been actualized by more than 100 nations around the world (Allen, 2004). The usage procedure of Capital Adequacy Directive (CAD) from one perspective created numerous accomplishments practically speaking as it assists with constraining danger taking comparative with capital and to forestall fundamental insecurities emerging from enormous scope banking disappointments, in this manner upgrading the profitability, productivity, wellbeing and sufficiency of residential financial framework, when all is said in done, worldwide budgetary framework. Then again, it additionally has created a few significant disappointments and unintended outcomes as it would diminish the loaning capacity of business banks which thus straightforwardly impacts to their seriousness comparative with different types of intermediation. This investigation endeavors to quantify the expense and advantages of Capital Adequacy Directive and apply it to the number of inhabitants in business banks that worked in Switzerland. The outcome proposes that despite the fact that some negative effects of CAD is clearly observed, the execution of CAD in Swiss financial framework is basically and genuinely required. As the obvious actuality, the focal points that Swiss business banks have accomplished because of the viability of capital sufficiency guideline exceed the detriments they may endure. The paper is partitioned into 4 areas. Part 2 presents the verifiable survey and general hypothesis of Capital Adequacy Directive. Part 3 gives initially the investigation on the two advantages and expenses of CAD, trailed by the measurement confirmations from Swiss business banks’ practices. At long last, the synopsis of the fundamental discoveries of this examination and end will be referenced in the last area. Part 2 Capital Adequacy Directive: Historical Review and General Theory 2.1 Historical audit The Capital Adequacy Directive was initially and authoritatively presented as the center piece of the 1998 Accord, alluded to as Basel Accord (International Convergence of Capital Measurements and Capital Standards) gave by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (henceforward Basel Committee) in July 1998 (Hall, 2004). This understanding isn't formal settlement nor a coupling legitimate standard, anyway because of the functional impacts passed on with it, the rules of this agreement have been actualized by signatory nations toward the start as well as by more than 100 nations around the world (Lastra, 2004). In any case, the 1988 Accord has been scrutinized for its rough appraisal of hazard and for making open doors for administrative exchange (Blum and Hellwig, 1996). Thusly, toward the finish of June 2004, the â€Å"New Capital Accord† (from this time forward call Basel II) was at last given after the underwriting led by G10 banks chief so as to supplant the first accord (presently named â€Å"Basel I† concurred in 1988) and take care of the issues happened as the consequence of Basel I usage in banking framework. 2.2 General Theory of Capital Adequacy Directive The beginning of Capital Adequacy Directive just as the capital guideline could be followed back to the worry that bank may hold less capital than is socially ideal â€Å"relative to its hazard as negative externalities coming about because of bank default are not reflected in showcase capital requirements† (Rime, 2001). In the 1988 Accord, the Basel Committee gave a proportion of cash-flow to hazard weighted resources. In this Basel recipe, Capital is separated into Tier 1 (value capital in addition to uncovered stores short altruism) and Tier 2 (revaluation saves, undisclosed hold, general advance misfortune saves, and subjected term obligation). In particular, Tier 1 capital must to establish in any event half of the complete capital base. Furthermore, the denominator of this Basel equation is the entirety of hazard balanced resources in addition to cockeyed sheet things changed in accordance with chance. (Lastra, 2004) As per (BIS, 2008) the 1998 Accord generally endorsed that banks hold capital of at any rate 8 % of their hazard weighted resources. In spite of the fact that there is no solid contention for the â€Å"target† proportion 8%, it despite everything was viewed as â€Å"sufficient† because of the observational application from past arrangement applied in certain states, for example, the US/UK reciprocal understanding of 1986 in regards to capital ampleness (Rime, 2005). Eight percent were the middle in leaving great practice around then: the US just as the UK around 7.5 %, Switzerland 10%, France and Japan 3 % (Lastra, 2004). Truth be told, information from a wide scope of banks from the Fitch IBCA database and national bosses just as the Basle Committee indicate expanding pattern with the normal capital proportion ascending from 9.3% in 1988 to 11.2% in 1996. â€Å"Most nations experienced increments in their capital proportions in spite of the fact that those nations, which were near, or underneath, the Basle least capital sufficiency proportion of 8% in 1988 prove an a lot higher by and large increment than those, which had truly high capital ratios†. (Jackson, 1999) As of late, in the new methodology, frequently alluded to as Basel II, explicitly in the First Pillar †Minimum Capital Requirements, the general degree of administrative capital as of now held by banks isn't set to rise or to be lower. The capital proportion is determined utilizing the meaning of administrative capital and hazard weighted resources and the absolute capital proportion must be no lower than 8%. What's more, the level 2 capital is restricted to 100% of Tier 1 capital (BIS, 2004). In any case, it is set to be more hazard delicate (Blum and Bichsel, 2004). Part 3 Expenses and Benefits of Capital Adequacy Requirements: The Analysis for Switzerland 3.1 Understanding the Swiss financial framework: Until this point in time, the Swiss financial framework is regularly portrayed as one of the main general financial framework around the globe since this sort â€Å"universal banking† was right off the bat permitted at the Banking Law of 1930 (Stiroh and Rime, 2003). In actuality, similar to the most mainland European nations, Swiss bank enactment doesn't recognize the business and speculation banks. On a fundamental level, Swiss banks can offer a wide scope of monetary administrations, for example, loaning and store taking, guaranteeing, financier, exchanging and portfolio the board (Swiss Bankers Association, 2006). Moreover, the Swiss banks may shift in the manner in which they utilize their choices to take part in a wide range of monetary exercises as the â€Å"truly all inclusive banks exist together with the foundation practicing either in conventional banking or budgetary market activities†. As indicated by Swiss Bankers Association (2006) the Swiss National Bank (SNB) orders the banks in Switzerland into ten significant classes: large banks, cantonal banks, provincial and investment funds banks, Raiffeisenkassen banks, business banks, buyer credit banks, stock trade banks, different banks, remote, and private bank. These bank classifications vary with respect to their size, business center, geographic extent of exercises and authoritative document. Inside the financial part, the large banks keep up a prevailing situation in each regard. As the self evident actuality, the Swiss economy is described by a similarly huge financial division by universal measures, and by the strength of two banks, Credit Suisse and UBS. Toward the finish of 2006, the banking sector’s complete resources surpassed CHF 4,500 billion or about multiple times the size of Swiss GDP. This is by a wide margin the greatest proportion among the G10 nations, trailed by Belgium and the Netherlands where absolute bank resources are multiple times the size of GDP. Estimated in total terms, the US has the biggest financial segment. Be that as it may, all out resources of all banks are short of what US GDP (Swiss National Bank, 2007) 3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Capital Adequacy Directive towards Swiss banks’ conduct In this paper’s setting, rather than taking evaluating preferences just as drawbacks of CAD for all the members of money related market, I might want to take the perspective to this issue from the one specific gathering of market †the banks. Benefits Practically all monetary specialists hold the assessment that however capital by and large records for a little level of the money related assets of banking organization; it plays an essential and significant job in their drawn out financing and dissolvability position, which straightforwardly impact to their open believability and notoriety. The opposite connection between the capital ampleness prerequisite and bank hazard taking has been found in the examination of Avery and Berger in 1991. So as to meet the 8% target proportion of Basel recipe, ba

Medication-Induced OCD Behavior

Substance/Medication-Induced OCD Behavior OCD Causes Print Substance/Medication-Induced OCD By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on October 11, 2019 Atsushi Yamada/Getty Images More in OCD Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD Related Conditions Substance/medication-induced obsessive compulsive disorder is the diagnostic name for drug-induced OCD. Obsessive-compulsive behavior is a group of seemingly uncontrollable and repetitive behaviors that are driven by obsessions. Obsessions are unwanted thoughts, urges or images that intrude on an individuals consciousness. They are associated with compulsive behaviors which are actions that the person feels compelled to carry out often in response to, and in an effort to control an obsession. These behaviors can be body-focused, for example, picking at ones own skin, or pulling out ones own hairs. Obsessions and compulsions can occur on their own or in combination and can be part of several different obsessive compulsive disorders, of which substance-induced OCD is just one. Unlike the transient feelings and intrusive thoughts that everyone experiences from time to time, especially during times of stress, or the occasional habitual behaviors we also all engage in from time to time, substance-induced obsessive compulsive disorder is considerably worse and more difficult for the individual to control. Although substance-induced OCD is rare, the consequences can be severe. The compulsions rarely have any realistic connection to the obsessions they are designed to neutralize or prevent. Rather, they form a ritualistic behavior that is designed to reduce anxiety but ultimately worsen the overall condition. And while some people with obsessive compulsive disorders are aware that the beliefs that are part of their obsessions are probably not true, some are less certain, and others are convinced that they actually are true, to the point where their beliefs are delusions. When physicians or psychologists give a diagnosis of substance/medication-induced obsessive compulsive disorder, they check to make sure that the obsessions or compulsions were not there before the use of the drug thought to be responsible. This is because there are different types of obsessive compulsive disorders, and if the symptoms were there before the substance use, it probably isnt the substance/medication-induced type of OCD. How Soon After Taking the Drug Can OCD Be Induced? In some cases, almost immediately. There is even a category with onset during intoxication, which means that the obsessive compulsive episode actually begins when the individual is high on the drug. It can also occur during withdrawal, during which severe mental problems are common. It is important that the person receives ongoing assessment as they move through the detox process, to ensure they are properly diagnosed and treated if symptoms persist. Generally, the diagnosis isnt given if the person has a history of obsessive compulsive disorder without substance use, or if the symptoms continue for more than a month after the person becomes abstinent from the drug. Obsessive compulsive behaviors can sometimes be part of delirium, which can also be substance-induced. If this is the only time that the symptoms are experienced, then the diagnosis of Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is not usually given. Finally, for the diagnosis of Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive Compulsive Disorder to be given, there has to be some sort of significant impact that the obsessive compulsive behavior is having on the persons life, either by causing a great deal of distress, or by impairing some aspect of their life, such as their social life, their employment situation, or another part of their life that is important to them. Drugs That Can Cause the Condition Unlike many other substance- or medication-induced disorders, the number of substances that are recognized as causing obsessive compulsive is quite limited. They include: Amphetamine-induced obsessive compulsive disorderOther stimulant-induced obsessive compulsive disorderCocaine-induced obsessive compulsive disorderOther substance-induced obsessive compulsive disorderUnknown substance-induced obsessive compulsive disorder

What are Hate Crimes - 736 Words

Throughout history, crimes have been committed worldwide. Murder, assault, and other crimes have been dealt with some kind of punishment, but one crime stays unnoticed and not cared about. Hate crimes, a major conflict in communities, have been showing up without anyone noticing. People sometimes commit them unaware of the consequences due to the lack of understanding what a hate crime really is. A hate crime is a motive to hurt or insult a certain group of people. It is more harsh and dangerous than most crimes because it not only affects the victim, but the whole group of that victim’s characteristic. With the underestimation of hate crimes, murder, assault, and other crimes will increase highly. Underestimating hate crimes were a result of past experiences of humans. The first occurrence, even though not reported as a hate crime, happened in 64AD by the Romans. During the reign of the Roman Empire, various religions other than Christianity were introduced. The Romans did not tolerate something other than their beliefs, so they exiled, tortured, and killed the believers of the new faiths. This is a clear example of a hate crime. The Romans are prejudice to other religions, thus they committed other crimes against that group of people. Since there was not any laws against hate crimes back then, it seemed okay to persecute people because of their differences. This planted a seed in everyone’s mind, prosecutors and victims, that bias-related crimes were a normal thing. TheShow MoreRelatedHate Crimes Laws And Hate Crime1543 Words   |  7 PagesHate Crimes What is a hate crime? Although the definition can vary based on what groups are included (Cogan, 2006, p. 174) the simplest definition would be, violence against a person or group of people based on their gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, race or disability (Burgess, Regehr, Roberts, 2013). Hate Crimes do not just effect the victim but also the community. Those who become victims of hate crime are not chosen at random, it is because of the group they identify with orRead MoreHate Crime in the United States of America1698 Words   |  7 PagesHate Crime in the United States of America THESIS: In this research paper, information will be given on hate crime in the United States of America. It’s best to know about these types of crimes before it’s too late because it’s rarely reported or spoken about but does occur on regular bases. Hate crime didnt come about until the early 1980s. Its sad how these types of crimes still occur so many years la ter; there are innocent people who are attacked simply because of their race, religionRead MoreHate Crime990 Words   |  4 PagesHate Crime The simplest definition of what a hate crime is, is a crime committed against a victim due to his or her perceived role in a social group. 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A hate crime is when a person intentionally selects a victim because of the race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender or sexual orientation. A person who commits a hate crime can come from any background and be any race. The term hate crime is meant to differentiate criminal behavior that is caused by prejudice from behavior that is motivated by greed jealously, anger, politics and like. Hate groups differ from one another in terms of membershipRead MoreEssay on The Laramie Project1293 Words   |  6 Pages Hate Crimes After reading â€Å"The Laramie Project† your left with so many questions, ideas and emotions. The play is a series of interviews (reenacted exactly as they happened) to give the audience facts and true statements so that they can form there own opinion. The play takes place in Laramie Wyoming, after the â€Å"hate crime† that left 21 year old Matthew Shepard fighting for his life that ended soon after all because the fact that he was gay. Hate is a feeling and hate crime is acting

Essay on Unit 4222-237 Dementia awareness - 720 Words

Unit 4222-237 Dementia awareness (DEM 201) 1.1 Dementia is a loss of brain function. If affects memory, thinking, language, judgement and behaviour. Dementia is progressive, so the symptoms will gradually get worse. In a later stage of dementia people will find it hard to carry out daily tasks and will come dependant on other people. 1.2 The key functions of the brain that is affected by dementia are:  · The Frontal lobe; which is to do with behaviour, the person’s personality, interpretation and feelings.  · The Parietal lobe; which is to do with language, special awareness and recognition.  · The Temporal lobe; which is to do with memory, speech and hearing.  · The Occipital lobe; which is do with the person’s vision.  · The†¦show more content†¦Ã‚ · Vascular dementia- when the oxygen doesn’t reach the brain.  · Dementia in the Lewy Bodies.  · Fronto-Temporal Dementia. 3.2 3.3 Signs and symptoms of Alzheimer’s are:  · Minor memory problems  · Trouble saying the right words.  · Disorientation  · Mood swings  · Behaviour changes The risk factors for Alzheimer’s are:  · Age- most people are 65+ and likelihood doubles every 5 years.  · Family history  · Genes (heredity) Signs and symptoms of vascular dementia are:  · Difficulties with completing tasks.  · Memory loss  · Mental confusion  · Low attention span  · Wandering in the night  · Stroke like symptoms The risk factors for vascular dementia are:  · Increasing age  · History of heart attacks, strokes or mini strokes.  · High cholesterol and blood pressure  · Diabetes  · Smoking Signs and symptoms of dementia in the Lewy bodies:  · Low attention span  · Visual hallucinations  · Delusions  · Muscle stiffness  · Slower movements  · Shaking and trembling  · Problems sleeping Risk factors for dementia in the Lewy bodies are:  · Having an immediate family member who has this form of dementia may increase your risk of getting it. Signs and symptoms of Fronto-temporal dementia:  · Aggression  · Compulsive behaviour  · Being easily distracted  · Lack of interest of washing themselves. 3.4 Prevalence rates for dementia in the UK are: 40-64 years: 1 in 1400 65-69 years: 1 in 100 70-79 years: 1 in 29Show MoreRelatedUnit 4222-237 Dementia Awareness (DEM 201) Essay4308 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿Unit 4222-237 Dementia Awareness (DEM 201) 1.1 – Explain what is meant by the term ‘dementia’ The term dementia describes a set of symptoms which include loss of memory, mood changes and problems with communication and reasoning. These symptoms occur when the brain is damaged by numerous certain diseases. Dementia is progressive, which means the symptoms will gradually get worse. How fast dementia progresses will depend on the individual person and what type of dementia they have. Each personRead MoreDementia Essay3997 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿Unit 4222-237 SADIE LEWIS Outcome 1 1.1 Dementia is the progressive decline in the cognitive function, involving all aspects of perception, thinking, reasoning and remembering. This is largely to do with damage or disease. This is progressive and leads to the deterioration of the mind, affecting an individual’s ability to concentrate on daily tasks. The memory is often affected, causing them to forget people, dates and events that are recent to them, behaviour can be erraticRead MoreDem 2011002 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 4222-237 Dementia awareness (DEM 201) Outcome 1 Understand what dementia is The learner can: 1. Explain what is meant by the term ‘dementia’ 2. Describe the key functions of the brain that are affected by dementia 3. Explain why depression, delirium and age related memory impairment may be mistaken for dementia. Outcome 2 Understand key features of the theoretical models of dementia The learner can: 1. Outline the medical model of dementia 2. Outline the social model of dementia Read MoreDem 2012240 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Unit 4222-237 Dementia Awareness (DEM 201) Outcome 1 understand what dementia is Explain what is meant by the term â€Å"dementia† (201.1.1) Dementia describes a set of symptoms that may include memory loss and difficulties with thinking, problem-solving or language. These changes are often small to start with, but for someone with dementia they have become severe enough to affect daily life. Dementia is caused when the brain is damaged by diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementiaRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagesand plan disclosure. Sec. 234. Application to qualified health benefits plans not offered through the Health Insurance Exchange. Sec. 235. Timely payment of claims. Sec. 236. Standardized rules for coordination and subrogation of benefits. Sec. 237. Application of administrative simplification. Sec. 238. State prohibitions on discrimination against health care providers. Sec. 239. Protection of physician prescriber information. Sec. 240. Dissemination of advance care planning information.

Police Racial Profiling in America Free Essays

string(111) " psychology at the University of California at Berkeley while working crime scenes in San Leandro, California\." POLICE: RACIAL PROFILING IN AMERICA Naomi D. Hopkins Stevens-Henager College APP 101 9 February 2013 Abstract This paper will discuss the relationship between Fear and how it relates to Racial Profiling in Police Practices. We will also discuss and illustrate real life examples under which Racial Profiling has occurred and how it is scientifically defined. We will write a custom essay sample on Police: Racial Profiling in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now The communication between peace officers and ordinary everyday citizens will also be examined. Police: Racial Profiling in America The issue of Racial Profiling in America by our Police Force is an undeniable truth and tragedy. Steve Holbert and Lisa Rose in their book the color of Guilt Innocence recount a story of a Caucasian woman who is forced to walk alone with her young daughter down dark unfamiliar San Francisco streets at night in the dark. We’ll call this woman Lisa. She had just exited a train car with her young daughter and was walking down the dark streets unsure of her surroundings when she noticed that a stranger man, whose features she couldn’t make out, was following her and her daughter. Lisa had heard and seen reports about a young man in his mid-20s that was dark complected and had been robbing tourists. She felt her body tighten as she began breathing rapidly and she had quickened her pace pulling her daughter along without realizing it, until her daughter started pulling her in the opposite direction because she had dropped her candy cane that she had gotten from the cable car employee earlier that evening. After her experience in the city, she began to question whether the irrational fear of monsters conjured up in the mind of a four year old was so different from the â€Å"monsters in the closet† we perceive as adults, the only difference being that the â€Å"monsters† we see as adults have a face and the face is of those who are different or those whose skin color is darker than our own. (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). This begs the question, â€Å"Did she fear this man because it was nighttime and she couldn’t see him and was unsure of her s urroundings? Or was it because the man following her reminded her of that minority man who had been on the news who was robbing tourists? This brings to mind another quote I found while writing this paper: â€Å"Rather, racial profiling is more about our human response to an instinctual and primitive fear buried deep in each one of us. † (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004) On the subject of Fear and Racism, I’m led to another quote in the book used primarily for my research on this very subject as it relates to American Law Enforcement practices. When we ponder the concept of fear in the comfort of a classroom, almost all would agree that to fear a person because of skin color, religious affiliation, or appearance is irrational. In the phobic sense, this fear is xenophobia, the fear and/or hatred of foreigners or anything that is foreign. † (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). I would even go so far as to say that contempt prior to investigation is in itself, a form or fear and intolerance. How can we judge a situation, let alone a person, accurately without all the facts? Do we assume we are Gods or Goddesses that are worthy to judge our fellow men or women? If so, what makes us so different, or dare I say, â€Å"Superior† to another? I am reminded of my own feelings, when as a small child; I made the decision to say that â€Å"all white people are racist. † This statement in and of itself is in fact, a form or racial profiling. That is, I was judging a certain race of people, in this case, whites and assuming that I had gathered enough information to do so. This brings me to another quote out of my research, â€Å"To understand the complexities of prejudice, racism, and racial profiling, we must first explore the origin of fear and understand how it can dictate the way in which our body responds to outside stimuli long before we become consciously aware of the racial implications. † (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). In fact, the word â€Å"fear† comes from the old English word for â€Å"danger. † When we, as human beings, experience fear our brains respond to perceived danger by using three distinct systems. The first is called Primal or Primitive fear system, and is found in most animals and mammals. This system responds first by alerting the body to any danger. This reaction is automatic and triggers our â€Å"fight or flight† response. The second is triggered by the â€Å"fight or flight† response and is the mind’s Rational or logical fear system. â€Å"This system takes over in an effort to assess the potential danger and weighs options for survival or escape. † (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). This system effectively plans possibilities we need to consider to escape an immediate or future threat. The third system is called a person’s Consciousness or Awareness, and acts as a mediator between Primal Fear and Rational Thought. This system will strike a balance between the mind’s emotion and reason and will become the ultimate decision maker in the entire process. Now, let’s examine some history on racial profiling that is actually quite interesting. This thought brings me to another quote I pulled out of this book I used to research this topic/ â€Å"Start with a good idea. Test it thoroughly, and use it with care. Put it in the hands of those who don’t have the experience and training to apply it properly. Add a little discrimination and pressure, and turn up the heat for 20 years. What do you get? Racial Profiling. (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). â€Å"In a nutshell, this is the story of Howard Teten, a former FBI Chief of research in the late 1950s who many criminologists credit with popularizing the concept of â€Å"criminal profiling. † A man who lived the best of both worlds, Mr. Teten studied psychology at the University of California at Berkeley while working crime scenes in San Leandro, California. You read "Police: Racial Profiling in America" in category "Essay examples" Back in the 1950s, cops typically looked for clues at a crime scene to try to tie the crime to a particular suspect. Teten took this concept one step further by looking at the manner in which the criminal committed the crime in order to develop a psychological profile. This profile ultimately helped officers identify a criminal’s personality traits and mental state and led to a classification of potential suspects who could have committed the crime. † (Holbert S; Rose, L 2004). This very method, which is called â€Å"criminal profiling†, has been widely distorted, especially when it comes to the United States â€Å"War on Drugs. For example, it is assumed that if a person, particularly a person belonging to a minority group (that is not white or Caucasian), is seen wearing gold jewelry that is large in size, a â€Å"corn roll† hair style, baggy clothes, and perhaps gold teeth, Law Enforcement Officials automatically assume that this individual is a â€Å" drug courier,† or an individual that smuggles drugs or money into or out of the country. It can be said that a person’s appearance, jewelry, and travel habits can be used as a basis for identifying and prosecuting those involved in the â€Å"drug trade. The end result of these discriminatory attitudes is that these â€Å"profiles† do not demonstrate â€Å"good science† or offer sensible approaches to productive Law Enforcement procedures. Now, let’s examine the other side of the coin, as it were as it relates to basic race relations. When we all think of a police officer, we all have this stereotypical view that they are tough, intimidating, and very arrogant. In actuality, police officers have learned their very behavior and personality traits from the general public. Most people, when contacted by a police officer, become irritated, hostile, overbearing, and even belligerent. So, in turn, officers have learned how to desensitize or become â€Å"numb† to their emotions and feelings. It wouldn’t be a far cry to say that they have learned to behave as â€Å"not human† just so that they can get through their day without having to worry about what they said, was it rude, right or wrong, what the repercussions might be, and so on. So it is accurate to say that the general public ourselves, have contributed to the attitudes and behaviors of our own Police Force in America. What we don’t hear about or realize often times is that when an officer goes on duty, he or she faces any number of different variables. For example, having a gun pulled on them, being attacked, being shot, taken hostage, being kidnapped, and any number of other things that would threaten or endanger their lives either mortally or fatally. I will illustrate an example of what ought to be advertised when hiring police officers: WANTED: LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS: Must be a social worker, mediator, a fighter, a priest. Must be savvy to the criminal element yet have an unblemished criminal background. Candidates should be compassionate yet distant. Intimidating yet gentle. Aggressive yet always in control. Daily risk of death. Low Pay. Must be willing to work all hours of the day and night in hazardous and extreme conditions. The Faint of Heart need not apply. (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004) WANTED: LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS: Must be a social worker, mediator, a fighter, a priest. Must be savvy to the criminal element yet have an unblemished criminal background. Candidates should be compassionate yet distant. Intimidating yet gentle. Aggressive yet always in control. Daily risk of death. Low Pay. Must be willing to work all hours of the day and night in hazardous and extreme conditions. The Faint of Heart need not apply. Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004) Realizing these facts, we all ought to be a little gentler with the officer next time we are pulled over for speeding or contacted about a conflict resolution issue. Police Officers deserve respect, but they also do not have the right to demand respect, and it is the same with the rest of us. That being said, when we think of â€Å"use of force† by police officer s, we all know the familiar image conjured up; the Rodney King beating on March 3 1991. In case you’re wondering, the case went to trial and all of the officers involved were NOT convicted. The result was the L. A. Riots of 1992. When we think of this case, we wonder, what could have gone so wrong in our justice system? The answer is not as clear as one might speculate. The â€Å"code of silence† is as much to blame as ignorant and wrong attitudes are to blame. â€Å"The Code of Silence† also known as â€Å"The Blue Wall of Silence† is based on the premise that an officer does not reveal negative information about a fellow police officer. (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). I can recall an experience I had in California with an officer who responded to a call about me when I was homeless and sleeping in my vehicle. The officer responded alone, without backup, and contacted myself and two friends of mine. He falsely accused us of smoking weed, arrested my friend for a warrant she had, shined his flashlight deliberately in my face, and pulled his Taser on me when I reacted unfavorably to his â€Å"bullying behavior. † I then had to demand that he call his Watch Commander, or Supervisor out to the field to discuss what happened and what I wanted done about his misconduct. I told the Watch Commander that I wanted an apology, both written and verbal, but to my dismay, he responded and told me, â€Å"I’m sorry ma’am I cannot do that. If I promise to talk to him about this incident, will you refrain from reporting it? † I was appalled to say the least. I later had to go through the channels to report this incident at the Police Department in person, but this is a prime real-life example of â€Å"The Code of Silence† in action. How many times has this happened to other citizens, but for whatever reason, they are too afraid or intimidated to report such misconduct. If we as a society wish our Police Force to be more accountable, we must take the action to make sure that happens. Otherwise, we are just birds preaching to a choir with deaf ears. The sad fact is that many Police Departments still retain the right to â€Å"police† themselves on such issues of misconduct and â€Å"use of force† incidents. This is the main reason that the officers involved in the Rodney King beating of 1991 were cleared of guilt. First of all, to even file a complaint against a police officer, citizens must endure a lengthy and time consuming process that involves appearing in person at the police department, then weeding through the trouble and intimidation of even telling a department employee or filling out a report about the alleged incident, and sometimes are refused and intimidated out of that process. Second and most important, even after all that trouble has been endured by the complainant, little or nothing is ever done about the problem other than to refer it to the Internal Affairs Division of the police department and they in themselves have their own policies and procedures which may or may not include final review by the Chief of Police and even then, the issue may not be resolved to the satisfaction of the complainant. In conclusion, I have learned it is sometimes better to ignore arrogant and racist comments by officers unless I have the time to devote to a complaint and investigation process. I’ll end with this quote from Martin Luther King, Jr. â€Å"We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the bad people but for the appalling silence of the good people. † (King Jr. , Martin Luther 1963) References Holbert, S; Rose, L (2004) the color of GUILT INNOCENCE RACIAL PROFILING AND POLICE PRACTICES IN AMERICA King Jr. , Martin Luther (1963) â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† April 16, 1963 Retrieved from www. history1900sabout. com/od/martinlutherkingjr/a/mlkquotes. htm How to cite Police: Racial Profiling in America, Essay examples

Police Racial Profiling in America Free Essays

string(111) " psychology at the University of California at Berkeley while working crime scenes in San Leandro, California\." POLICE: RACIAL PROFILING IN AMERICA Naomi D. Hopkins Stevens-Henager College APP 101 9 February 2013 Abstract This paper will discuss the relationship between Fear and how it relates to Racial Profiling in Police Practices. We will also discuss and illustrate real life examples under which Racial Profiling has occurred and how it is scientifically defined. We will write a custom essay sample on Police: Racial Profiling in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now The communication between peace officers and ordinary everyday citizens will also be examined. Police: Racial Profiling in America The issue of Racial Profiling in America by our Police Force is an undeniable truth and tragedy. Steve Holbert and Lisa Rose in their book the color of Guilt Innocence recount a story of a Caucasian woman who is forced to walk alone with her young daughter down dark unfamiliar San Francisco streets at night in the dark. We’ll call this woman Lisa. She had just exited a train car with her young daughter and was walking down the dark streets unsure of her surroundings when she noticed that a stranger man, whose features she couldn’t make out, was following her and her daughter. Lisa had heard and seen reports about a young man in his mid-20s that was dark complected and had been robbing tourists. She felt her body tighten as she began breathing rapidly and she had quickened her pace pulling her daughter along without realizing it, until her daughter started pulling her in the opposite direction because she had dropped her candy cane that she had gotten from the cable car employee earlier that evening. After her experience in the city, she began to question whether the irrational fear of monsters conjured up in the mind of a four year old was so different from the â€Å"monsters in the closet† we perceive as adults, the only difference being that the â€Å"monsters† we see as adults have a face and the face is of those who are different or those whose skin color is darker than our own. (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). This begs the question, â€Å"Did she fear this man because it was nighttime and she couldn’t see him and was unsure of her s urroundings? Or was it because the man following her reminded her of that minority man who had been on the news who was robbing tourists? This brings to mind another quote I found while writing this paper: â€Å"Rather, racial profiling is more about our human response to an instinctual and primitive fear buried deep in each one of us. † (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004) On the subject of Fear and Racism, I’m led to another quote in the book used primarily for my research on this very subject as it relates to American Law Enforcement practices. When we ponder the concept of fear in the comfort of a classroom, almost all would agree that to fear a person because of skin color, religious affiliation, or appearance is irrational. In the phobic sense, this fear is xenophobia, the fear and/or hatred of foreigners or anything that is foreign. † (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). I would even go so far as to say that contempt prior to investigation is in itself, a form or fear and intolerance. How can we judge a situation, let alone a person, accurately without all the facts? Do we assume we are Gods or Goddesses that are worthy to judge our fellow men or women? If so, what makes us so different, or dare I say, â€Å"Superior† to another? I am reminded of my own feelings, when as a small child; I made the decision to say that â€Å"all white people are racist. † This statement in and of itself is in fact, a form or racial profiling. That is, I was judging a certain race of people, in this case, whites and assuming that I had gathered enough information to do so. This brings me to another quote out of my research, â€Å"To understand the complexities of prejudice, racism, and racial profiling, we must first explore the origin of fear and understand how it can dictate the way in which our body responds to outside stimuli long before we become consciously aware of the racial implications. † (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). In fact, the word â€Å"fear† comes from the old English word for â€Å"danger. † When we, as human beings, experience fear our brains respond to perceived danger by using three distinct systems. The first is called Primal or Primitive fear system, and is found in most animals and mammals. This system responds first by alerting the body to any danger. This reaction is automatic and triggers our â€Å"fight or flight† response. The second is triggered by the â€Å"fight or flight† response and is the mind’s Rational or logical fear system. â€Å"This system takes over in an effort to assess the potential danger and weighs options for survival or escape. † (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). This system effectively plans possibilities we need to consider to escape an immediate or future threat. The third system is called a person’s Consciousness or Awareness, and acts as a mediator between Primal Fear and Rational Thought. This system will strike a balance between the mind’s emotion and reason and will become the ultimate decision maker in the entire process. Now, let’s examine some history on racial profiling that is actually quite interesting. This thought brings me to another quote I pulled out of this book I used to research this topic/ â€Å"Start with a good idea. Test it thoroughly, and use it with care. Put it in the hands of those who don’t have the experience and training to apply it properly. Add a little discrimination and pressure, and turn up the heat for 20 years. What do you get? Racial Profiling. (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). â€Å"In a nutshell, this is the story of Howard Teten, a former FBI Chief of research in the late 1950s who many criminologists credit with popularizing the concept of â€Å"criminal profiling. † A man who lived the best of both worlds, Mr. Teten studied psychology at the University of California at Berkeley while working crime scenes in San Leandro, California. You read "Police: Racial Profiling in America" in category "Essay examples" Back in the 1950s, cops typically looked for clues at a crime scene to try to tie the crime to a particular suspect. Teten took this concept one step further by looking at the manner in which the criminal committed the crime in order to develop a psychological profile. This profile ultimately helped officers identify a criminal’s personality traits and mental state and led to a classification of potential suspects who could have committed the crime. † (Holbert S; Rose, L 2004). This very method, which is called â€Å"criminal profiling†, has been widely distorted, especially when it comes to the United States â€Å"War on Drugs. For example, it is assumed that if a person, particularly a person belonging to a minority group (that is not white or Caucasian), is seen wearing gold jewelry that is large in size, a â€Å"corn roll† hair style, baggy clothes, and perhaps gold teeth, Law Enforcement Officials automatically assume that this individual is a â€Å" drug courier,† or an individual that smuggles drugs or money into or out of the country. It can be said that a person’s appearance, jewelry, and travel habits can be used as a basis for identifying and prosecuting those involved in the â€Å"drug trade. The end result of these discriminatory attitudes is that these â€Å"profiles† do not demonstrate â€Å"good science† or offer sensible approaches to productive Law Enforcement procedures. Now, let’s examine the other side of the coin, as it were as it relates to basic race relations. When we all think of a police officer, we all have this stereotypical view that they are tough, intimidating, and very arrogant. In actuality, police officers have learned their very behavior and personality traits from the general public. Most people, when contacted by a police officer, become irritated, hostile, overbearing, and even belligerent. So, in turn, officers have learned how to desensitize or become â€Å"numb† to their emotions and feelings. It wouldn’t be a far cry to say that they have learned to behave as â€Å"not human† just so that they can get through their day without having to worry about what they said, was it rude, right or wrong, what the repercussions might be, and so on. So it is accurate to say that the general public ourselves, have contributed to the attitudes and behaviors of our own Police Force in America. What we don’t hear about or realize often times is that when an officer goes on duty, he or she faces any number of different variables. For example, having a gun pulled on them, being attacked, being shot, taken hostage, being kidnapped, and any number of other things that would threaten or endanger their lives either mortally or fatally. I will illustrate an example of what ought to be advertised when hiring police officers: WANTED: LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS: Must be a social worker, mediator, a fighter, a priest. Must be savvy to the criminal element yet have an unblemished criminal background. Candidates should be compassionate yet distant. Intimidating yet gentle. Aggressive yet always in control. Daily risk of death. Low Pay. Must be willing to work all hours of the day and night in hazardous and extreme conditions. The Faint of Heart need not apply. (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004) WANTED: LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS: Must be a social worker, mediator, a fighter, a priest. Must be savvy to the criminal element yet have an unblemished criminal background. Candidates should be compassionate yet distant. Intimidating yet gentle. Aggressive yet always in control. Daily risk of death. Low Pay. Must be willing to work all hours of the day and night in hazardous and extreme conditions. The Faint of Heart need not apply. Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004) Realizing these facts, we all ought to be a little gentler with the officer next time we are pulled over for speeding or contacted about a conflict resolution issue. Police Officers deserve respect, but they also do not have the right to demand respect, and it is the same with the rest of us. That being said, when we think of â€Å"use of force† by police officer s, we all know the familiar image conjured up; the Rodney King beating on March 3 1991. In case you’re wondering, the case went to trial and all of the officers involved were NOT convicted. The result was the L. A. Riots of 1992. When we think of this case, we wonder, what could have gone so wrong in our justice system? The answer is not as clear as one might speculate. The â€Å"code of silence† is as much to blame as ignorant and wrong attitudes are to blame. â€Å"The Code of Silence† also known as â€Å"The Blue Wall of Silence† is based on the premise that an officer does not reveal negative information about a fellow police officer. (Holbert, S; Rose, L 2004). I can recall an experience I had in California with an officer who responded to a call about me when I was homeless and sleeping in my vehicle. The officer responded alone, without backup, and contacted myself and two friends of mine. He falsely accused us of smoking weed, arrested my friend for a warrant she had, shined his flashlight deliberately in my face, and pulled his Taser on me when I reacted unfavorably to his â€Å"bullying behavior. † I then had to demand that he call his Watch Commander, or Supervisor out to the field to discuss what happened and what I wanted done about his misconduct. I told the Watch Commander that I wanted an apology, both written and verbal, but to my dismay, he responded and told me, â€Å"I’m sorry ma’am I cannot do that. If I promise to talk to him about this incident, will you refrain from reporting it? † I was appalled to say the least. I later had to go through the channels to report this incident at the Police Department in person, but this is a prime real-life example of â€Å"The Code of Silence† in action. How many times has this happened to other citizens, but for whatever reason, they are too afraid or intimidated to report such misconduct. If we as a society wish our Police Force to be more accountable, we must take the action to make sure that happens. Otherwise, we are just birds preaching to a choir with deaf ears. The sad fact is that many Police Departments still retain the right to â€Å"police† themselves on such issues of misconduct and â€Å"use of force† incidents. This is the main reason that the officers involved in the Rodney King beating of 1991 were cleared of guilt. First of all, to even file a complaint against a police officer, citizens must endure a lengthy and time consuming process that involves appearing in person at the police department, then weeding through the trouble and intimidation of even telling a department employee or filling out a report about the alleged incident, and sometimes are refused and intimidated out of that process. Second and most important, even after all that trouble has been endured by the complainant, little or nothing is ever done about the problem other than to refer it to the Internal Affairs Division of the police department and they in themselves have their own policies and procedures which may or may not include final review by the Chief of Police and even then, the issue may not be resolved to the satisfaction of the complainant. In conclusion, I have learned it is sometimes better to ignore arrogant and racist comments by officers unless I have the time to devote to a complaint and investigation process. I’ll end with this quote from Martin Luther King, Jr. â€Å"We will have to repent in this generation not merely for the hateful words and actions of the bad people but for the appalling silence of the good people. † (King Jr. , Martin Luther 1963) References Holbert, S; Rose, L (2004) the color of GUILT INNOCENCE RACIAL PROFILING AND POLICE PRACTICES IN AMERICA King Jr. , Martin Luther (1963) â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† April 16, 1963 Retrieved from www. history1900sabout. com/od/martinlutherkingjr/a/mlkquotes. htm How to cite Police: Racial Profiling in America, Essay examples